Hilter essays

Hilter essays The Reichstag Fire was a factor in establishing Hitlers dictatorship but there are also two other factors, which was the eliminating of SA and using his new position as the Fuhrer, had enabled him become an absolute dictator. When a fire broke out in Reichstag, Hitler seized the opportunity to fan fears that a communist revolution was about to break out. He accused the communist of planning an uprising and pressured the president to issue an emergency degree to protect the people and state. He suspended sections of the constitution granting personal and civil liberties and arrested several thousands of communist. The Reichstag fire enabled him to remove the communist and not be threaten by them. Hitler then asked the Reichstag to pass the Enabling act that granted him exclusive power for 4 years. As it allowed Hitler to introduce laws without the approval of the Reichstag, ignore the constitution and cooperate with foreign power, he have complete control of the fate of Germany and the people. Hitler needed the Germany army to have total control of Germany. Leading officers in the army was however suspicious of Hitlers SA, who was viewed as ill disciplined hooligans. Furthermore, SA had become powerful and wanted to replace the national army. It leader Rohm constantly brought this up both in private and in public. Firmly in power, Hitler valued the army more than the SA as the former was a disciplined force that can achieve his dream of conquest. The SA with its gangster tactics, violence and arbitrary arrest was becoming an increasing great embarrassment for Hitler. To get the support from the army and the industrialists and remove the fear of opposition of the SA, Hitler executed the SA leaders and the others who opposed him in a night of long knives. Hitler had remove threat of opponents and the obstacle to power through the eliminating of the SA and gaining greater support from the army. ...

A Detailed History of Crash Test Dummies

A Detailed History of Crash Test Dummies The first crash test dummy was the Sierra Sam created in 1949. This 95th percentile adult male crash test dummy was developed by Sierra Engineering Co. under a contract with the United States Air Force, to be used for evaluation of aircraft ejection seats on rocket sled tests. - Source FTSS In 1997, GMs Hybrid III crash test dummies officially became the industry standard for testing to comply with government frontal impact regulations and airbag safety. GM developed this test device nearly 20 years prior in 1977 to provide a biofidelic measurement tool - crash test dummies that behave very similarly to human beings. As it did with its earlier design, Hybrid II, GM shared this cutting-edge technology with government regulators and the auto industry. The sharing of this tool was made in the name of improved safety testing and reduced highway injuries and fatalities worldwide. The 1997 version of Hybrid III is the GM invention with some modifications. It marks another milestone in the automaker’s trailblazing journey for safety. Hybrid III is state-of-the-art for testing advanced restraint systems; GM has been using it for years in the development of front-impact airbags. It provides a broad spectrum of reliable data that can be related to the effects of crashes o n a human injury. Hybrid III features a posture representative of the way drivers and passengers sit in vehicles. All crash test dummies are faithful to the human form they simulate - in overall weight, size, and proportion. Their heads are designed to respond like the human head in a crash situation. It is symmetrical and the forehead deflects much the way a persons would if struck in a collision. The chest cavity has a steel rib cage that simulates the mechanical behavior of a human chest in a crash. The rubber neck bends and stretches biofidelically, and the knees also are designed to respond to impact, similar to human knees. The Hybrid III crash test dummy has a vinyl skin and is equipped with sophisticated electronic tools including accelerometers, potentiometers, and load cells. These tools measure the acceleration, deflection, and forces that various body parts experience during crash deceleration. This advanced device is being improved continuously and was built on a scientific foundation of biomechanics, medical data and input, and testing that involved human cadavers and animals. Biomechanics is the study of the human body and how it behaves mechanically. Universities conducted early biomechanical research using live human volunteers in some very controlled crash tests. Historically, the auto industry had evaluated restraint systems using volunteer testing with humans. The development of Hybrid III served as a launching pad to advance the study of crash forces and their effects on a human injury. All earlier crash test dummies, even GMs Hybrid I and II, could not provide adequate insight to translate test data into injury-reducing designs for cars and trucks. Early crash test dummies were very crude and had a simple purpose - to help engineers and researchers verify the effectiveness of restraints or safety belts. Before GM developed Hybrid I in 1968, dummy manufacturers had no consistent methods to produce the devices. The basic weight and size of the body parts were based on anthropological studies, but the dummies were inconsistent from unit to unit. The science of anthropomorphic dummies was in its infancy and their production quality varied. The 1960s and Development of Hybrid I During the 1960s, GM researchers created Hybrid I by merging the best parts of two primitive dummies. In 1966, Alderson Research Laboratories produced the VIP-50 series for GM and Ford. It was also used by the National Bureau of Standards. This was the first dummy manufactured specifically for the auto industry. A year later, Sierra Engineering introduced Sierra Stan, a competitive model. Neither satisfied GM engineers, who made their own dummy by combining the best features of both - hence the name Hybrid I. GM used this model internally but shared its design with competitors through special committee meetings at the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE). Hybrid I was more durable and produced more repeatable results than its predecessors. The use of these early dummies was sparked by U.S. Air Force testing that had been conducted to develop and improve pilot restraint and ejection systems. From the late forties through the early fifties, the military used crash test dummies and crash sleds to test a variety of applications and human tolerance to injury. Previously they had used human volunteers, but rising safety standards required higher speed tests, and the higher speeds were no longer safe for human subjects. To test pilot-restraint harnesses, one high-speed sled was propelled by rocket engines and accelerated up to 600 mph. Col. John Paul Stapp shared the results of Air Force crash-dummy research in 1956 at the first annual conference involving auto manufacturers. Later, in 1962, the GM Proving Ground introduced the first, automotive, impact sled (HY-GE sled). It was capable of simulating actual collision acceleration waveforms produced by full-scale cars. Four years after that, GM Research originated a versatile method for determining the extent of injury hazard produced when measuring impact forces on anthropomorphic dummies during laboratory tests. Aircraft Safety Ironically, the auto industry has dramatically out-paced aircraft manufacturers in this technical expertise over the years. Automakers worked with the aircraft industry in the mid-1990s to bring them up to speed with the advances in crash testing as related to human tolerance and injuries. NATO countries were particularly interested in automotive crash research because there were problems in helicopter crashes and with high-speed ejections of pilots. It was thought that the auto data might help make aircraft safer. Government Regulation and Developing Hybrid II When Congress passed the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966, the design and manufacture of automobiles became a regulated industry. Shortly thereafter, a debate began between the government and some manufacturers about the credibility of the test devices like the crash dummies. The National Highway Safety Bureau insisted that Aldersons VIP-50 dummy be used to validate restraint systems. They required 30 mile-per-hour head-on, barrier tests into a rigid wall. Opponents claimed the research results obtained from testing with this crash test dummy were not repeatable from a manufacturing standpoint and were not defined in engineering terms. Researchers could not rely on the consistent performance of the test units. Federal courts agreed with these critics. GM did not take part in the legal protest. Instead, GM improved upon the Hybrid I crash test dummy, responding to issues that arose in SAE committee meetings. GM developed drawings that defined the crash test dummy and created calibration tests that would standardize its performance in a controlled laboratory setting. In 1972, GM handed the drawings and calibrations to the dummy manufacturers and the government. The new GM Hybrid II crash test dummy satisfied the court, the government, and the manufacturers, and it became the standard for frontal crash testing to comply with U.S. automotive regulations for restraint systems. GMs philosophy has always been to share crash test dummy innovation with competitors and earn no profit in the process. Hybrid III: Mimicking Human Behavior In 1972 while GM was sharing Hybrid II with the industry, experts at GM Research began a ground-breaking effort. Their mission was to develop a crash test dummy that more accurately reflected the biomechanics of the human body during a vehicle crash. This would be called Hybrid III. Why was this necessary? GM was already conducting tests that far-exceeded government requirements and the standards of other domestic manufacturers. Right from the start, GM developed every one of its crash dummies to respond to a particular need for a test measurement and enhanced safety design. Engineers required a test device that would allow them to take measurements in unique experiments they had developed to improve the safety of GM vehicles. The goal of the Hybrid III research group was to develop a third-generation, human-like crash test dummy whose responses were closer to biomechanical data than the Hybrid II crash test dummy. The cost was not an issue. Researchers studied the way people sat in vehicles and the relationship of their posture to their eye position. They experimented with and changed the materials to make the dummy, and considered adding internal elements such as a rib cage. The stiffness of materials reflected bio-mechanical data. Accurate, numerical control machinery was used to manufacture the improved dummy consistently. In 1973, GM held the first international seminar with the worlds leading experts to discuss human-impact response characteristics. Every previous gathering of this kind had focused on injury. But now, GM wanted to investigate the way people responded during crashes. With this insight, GM developed a crash dummy that behaved much more closely to humans. This tool provided more meaningful lab data, enabling design changes that could actually help prevent injury. GM has been a leader in developing testing technologies to help manufacturers make safer cars and trucks. GM also communicated with the SAE committee throughout this development process to compile input from dummy and auto manufacturers alike. Only a year after the Hybrid III research began, GM responded to a government contract with a more refined dummy. In 1973, GM created the GM 502, which borrowed early information the research group had learned. It included some postural improvements, a new head, and better joint character istics. In 1977, GM made Hybrid III commercially available, including all the new design features GM had researched and developed. In 1983, GM petitioned the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) for permission to use Hybrid III as an alternative test device for government compliance. GM also provided the industry with its targets for acceptable dummy performance during safety testing. These targets (Injury Assessment Reference Values) were critical in translating Hybrid III data into safety improvements. Then in 1990, GM asked that the Hybrid III dummy be the only acceptable test device to meet government requirements. A year later, the International Standards Organization (ISO) passed a unanimous resolution acknowledging the superiority of Hybrid III. The Hybrid III is now the standard for international frontal impact testing. Over the years, Hybrid III and other dummies have undergone a number of improvements and changes. For example, GM developed a deformable insert that is used routinely in GM development tests to indicate any movement of the lap belt from the pelvis and into the abdomen. Also, the SAE brings together the talents of the car companies, parts suppliers, dummy manufacturers, and U.S. government agencies in cooperative efforts to enhance test dummy capability. A recent 1966 SAE project, in conjunction with NHTSA, enhanced the ankle and hip joint. However, dummy manufacturers are very conservative about changing or enhancing standard devices. Generally, an auto manufacturer must first show the need for a specific design evaluation to improve safety. Then, with industry agreement, the new measuring capability can be added. SAE acts as a technical clearinghouse to manage and minimize these alterations. Just how accurate are these anthropomorphic test devices? At best, they are predictors of what may happen generally in the field because no two real people are the same in size, weight or proportions. However, tests require a standard, and modern dummies have proven to be effective prognosticators. Crash-test dummies consistently prove that standard, three-point safety belt systems are very effective restraints - and the data holds up well when compared to real-world crashes. Safety belts cut driver crash deaths by 42 percent. Adding airbags raises the protection to approximately 47 percent. Adapting to Airbags Airbag testing in the late seventies generated another need. Based on tests with crude dummies, GM engineers knew children and smaller occupants could be vulnerable to the aggressiveness of airbags. Airbags must inflate at very high speeds to protect occupants in a crash - literally in less than the blink of an eye. In 1977, GM developed the child airbag dummy. Researchers calibrated the dummy using data gathered from a study involving small animals. The Southwest Research Institute conducted this testing to determine what impacts the subjects could safely sustain. Later GM shared the data and the design through the SAE. GM also needed a test device to simulate a small female for testing of driver airbags. In 1987, GM transferred the Hybrid III technology to a dummy representing a 5th percentile female. Also in the late 1980s, the Center for Disease Control issued a contract for a family of Hybrid III dummies to help test passive restraints. Ohio State University won the contract and sought GMs help. In cooperation with an SAE committee, GM contributed to the development of the Hybrid III Dummy Family, which included a 95th percentile male, a small female, a six-year-old, child dummy, and a new three-year-old. Each has Hybrid III technology. In 1996, GM, Chrysler, and Ford became concerned about air bag inflation-induced injuries and petitioned the government through the American Automobile Manufacturers Association (AAMA) to address out-of-position occupants during airbag deployments. The goal was to implement test procedures endorsed by the ISO - which use the small female dummy for driver-side testing and the six- and three-year-old dummies, as well as an infant dummy for the passenger side. An SAE committee later developed a series of infant dummies with one of the leading test device manufacturers, First Technology Safety Systems. Six-month-old, 12-month-old, and 18-month-old dummies are now available to test the interaction of airbags with child restraints. Known as CRABI or Child Restraint Air Bag Interaction dummies, they enable testing of rearward-facing infant restraints when placed in the front, passenger seat equipped with an airbag. The various dummy sizes and types, which come in small, average, and very l arge, allow GM to implement an extensive matrix of tests and crash-types. Most of these tests and evaluations are not mandated, but GM routinely conducts tests not required by law. In the 1970s, side-impact studies required another version of the test devices. NHTSA, in conjunction with the University of Michigans Research and Development Center, developed a special side-impact dummy, or SID. Europeans then created the more sophisticated EuroSID. Subsequently, GM researchers made significant contributions through the SAE to the development of a more biofidelic device called BioSID, which is used now in development testing. In the 1990s, the U.S. auto industry worked to create a special, small occupant dummy to test side-impact airbags. Through USCAR, a consortium formed to share technologies among various industries and government departments, GM, Chrysler and Ford jointly developed SID-2s. The dummy mimics small females or adolescents and helps measure their tolerance of side-impact airbag inflation. U.S. manufacturers are working with the international community to establish this smaller, side-impact device as the starting basis for an adult dummy to be used in the international standard for side impact performance measurement. They are encouraging the acceptance of international safety standards, and building consensus to harmonize methods and tests. The automotive industry is highly committed to harmonizing standards, tests and methods as more and more vehicles are sold to a global market. The Future of Car Safety Testing What is the future? GMs mathematical models are providing valuable data. Mathematical testing also permits more iteration in a shorter time. GMs transition from mechanical to electronic airbag sensors created an exciting opportunity. Present and future airbag systems have electronic flight recorders as part of their crash sensors. Computer memory will capture field data from the collision event and store crash information never before available. With this real-world data, researchers will be able to validate lab results and modify dummies, computer-simulations and other tests. The highway becomes the test lab, and every crash becomes a way to learn more about how to protect people, said Harold Bud Mertz, a retired GM safety and biomechanical expert. Eventually, it might be possible to include crash recorders for collisions all around the car. GM researchers constantly refine all aspects of the crash tests to improve safety results. For example, as restraint systems help to eliminate more and more catastrophic upper-body injuries, safety engineers are noticing disabling, lower-leg trauma. GM researchers are beginning to design better lower leg responses for dummies. They have also added â€Å"skin† to the necks to keep airbags from interfering with the neck vertebrae during tests. Someday, on-screen computer dummies may be replaced by virtual humans, with hearts, lungs, and all the other vital organs. But its not likely that those electronic scenarios will replace the real thing in the near future. Crash dummies will continue to provide GM researchers and others with remarkable insight and intelligence about occupant crash protection for many years to come. A special thanks to Claudio Paolini

Humes Moral Judgement Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Humes Moral Judgement Theory - Essay Example The nonpropositional interpretation of Hume's claim states that moral judgement does not express truth or fact, it is merely the expression of a feeling or a feeling itself. The subjective description on the other hand, takes the view of the spectator's moral evaluation simply being the contemplation of the common point of view. The dispositional interpretation understands moral judgements about good and evil have a motivational influence on our actions. Hume also states that moral evaluation involves the spectator's feelings in relation to witnessing the agent's act. Since these feelings are involved, then moral judgment must be subjective. In terms of dispositional interpretation, the agent's action can cause the spectator to either approve or disapprove. For instance, if a character trait is in accordance with the spectator, it will elicit feelings of approval. Moral judgments are subjective because they are based on the feelings of the spectator, and spectators will either approve or disapprove of the agent's actions, and their judgment is the result of whether or not they identify the character of the agent as appropriate or not. These brief explanations of Hume's moral judgement theory illustrate Hume's basic assumption that it is only feeling that generates action and feeling that labels any action as morally right or wrong, good or bad. This is based upon the perceptions of the spectator, rather than the motivations of the agent of the action. While Hume asserts that moral judgements are based upon emotional motivations such as desire, he claims that moral judgements based upon the actions of others do not express beliefs. According to Hume, desires and beliefs are distinct, contradictory states. Desires are not rationally criticisable as they make no reference to truth or reason. A belief on the other hand, is merely a copy of an assessable truth. Here reason alone is motivationally inert and moral judgements cannot therefore be derived from reason. Another aspect of moral judgment is moral sentiment. Sentiment is an emotion caused by thinking about the action to be evaluated without any level of self-interest. Examples of moral sentiment are approval (a pleasure) and disapproval (a pain). Consequently, people can differentiate which traits are virtuous or vicious. The use of emotions and feelings (especially approval and disapproval) towards traits leads to approval of actions. Hence, agreeable traits tend to cause feelings of approval; whereas disagreeable traits tend to create feelings of disapproval. Moral judgment is also affected by sympathy. Hume believes that by observing a person's outward appearance, the spectator can comprehend the passion of the person's mind. When these characteristics resemble or are contiguous with their own, the spectator is more likely to experience sympathetic feelings of pleasure and enjoyment. In conclusion, Hume asserts that people can take different roles in terms of being an agent, a receiver, or a spectator. Since people can observe their own actions and also sympathize with their moral sentiments, it is possible for significant actions to fall into more than one category. Likewise, I agree with Hume that moral approval is based on emotional responses. Human nature is not based on expressed beliefs but on moral judgments substantiated by feelings. Hume's opinions of moral beliefs were radical or even contentious to his own contemporaries in the

The Comparison between Stocks of Chinese Companies in U.S. and Stocks Term Paper

The Comparison between Stocks of Chinese Companies in U.S. and Stocks in China using SAS - Term Paper Example The stock market has grown rapidly over the years from the commencement of big firm’s addition in the last few years. Moreover, at the present more than 80% of the overall capitalization of Hong Kong Stock Exchange (HKSE) market that abides to the US rules and regulations and is open to the outside investors. This is in consistence of China as a mainland creating a market of H share. Putting together the listed firms on the list and in trade in these 3 exchanges, the stock exchange of China is the 2nd biggest worldwide, just following the markets of US equity. On the other hand, the equity market of China has become substandard, in particular in comparison to the GDP growth. In December 31, 1991 since as per December 31, 1990 there was barely any listed stock. Ironically, the composite of Shanghai has the most terrible performing index globally. The big question here is; how is it that the world rapidly evolving economy with a realistic growth rate factor of GDP being 8 since the year 1991, gives a bad performance in the stock market. I can say not much research on this has been done to address this big question. This is then, is the aim of this paper. When USA had problems, investors began searching for new markets, in which there would be high probability of earning cash. In the last 30 years China has shown growth economically, though its stock market shows bad results in performance. Consequently, this has caused attraction to quite a number of investors. In spite of its quick growth economically, Chinese stock market fails to show any significant improvement. Moreover, Chinese stock market got particular features that ought to be done analysis and assessment by those wishing to invest. The stock market of China was no go zone for a given period due to the unique characteristics of its market that had cut down its market integrity. I believe this market has been influenced by the

Consider the marriage proposals in Essay Example for Free

Consider the marriage proposals in Essay Consider the marriage proposals in Pride and Prejudice and what we learned about the characters and the early 19th Century society in which they lived in. During Pride and Prejudice there are six examples of marriage proposals to consider. Throughout this essay I am going to be commenting on the proposals between Mr Darcy and Lizzie the first time, Mr Collins and Lizzie, Mr Collins and Charlotte as well as Mr Bingley and Jane, Wickham and Lydia and the second proposal of Mr Darcy to Lizzie. Whilst looking at these proposals I will also be analysing the aspects of Love, Money, the relative status and class and the views of others, which might have influence within these proposals. The first proposal I am going to analyse is Mr Darcy to Lizzie. Mr Darcy proposed to Lizzie in Kent at Mr Collins and Charlottes house when Lizzie was visiting them for a few weeks and Mr Darcy was staying with Lady Catherine De Bourgh, his aunt. Mr Darcy and Lizzie were first acquainted with one another at Netherfields, which is the neighbouring estate to Longbourne, Lizzies family house. They met at a ball, which was held by the new lodger Mr Bingley at Netherfields, and Mr Darcy was there as a friend of Mr Bingleys who hosting the ball for his new arrival to the village. Lizzie and Darcy didnt get on at first as Lizzie thought he was arrogant and unsociable. But Mr Darcys dislike for Lizzie gradually grew to love for her. It seems that the continuation of this dislike was all a cover for his real feelings as he did not want to love or marry a woman who was beneath him in every state, money and status and especially the views of others would of discouraged him to act upon his feelings for Lizzie as he was thought of as much more superior to Lizzie and her family and at that time it was thought of as wrong or unheard of to marry someone beneath you. Mr Darcy did not only hide his feelings from Lizzie he also tried to hide them from himself. Mr Darcy gets to a stage where he cant avoid his feelings for Lizzie anymore so he decides to act upon them because Lizzie is so beneath him he assumes that Lizzie will have no other option but to accept his proposal as he feels that she cant resist him as he has enough money and class to set her up for life. Mr Darcy says to Lizzie. In vain I have struggled. It will not do. My feelings for you cannot be repressed. You must allow me to tell you how ardently I admire and love you. However to Mr Darcys surprise Lizzie refuses his proposal as she will only marry for love and she doesnt love Mr Darcy and she also is outraged with Mr Darcy at the insults towards her family. Just before the proposal Lizzie also found out that Mr Darcy had separated her sister and her love, Mr Bingley by persuading him to move back to London, which infuriates Lizzie even more. Lizzie says to Mr Darcy. You are mistaken, Mr Darcy, if you suppose that he mode of your declaration affected me in any other way, than as it spared me the concern which I might have felt in refusing you, had you behaved in a more gentlemen like manner. This quotation showed how much Lizzie really despised him at that moment in time by questioning his gentlemen like manner, which was a big thing for men in those days. The second proposal I am going to look at is Mr Collins to Lizzie. Mr Collins proposed to Lizzie at Longbourne, the family estate. Mr Collins was a clergyman to Lady Catherine De Bourgh. Mr Collins asked Lizzie to marry him as Lady Catherine De Bourgh requested him too and as he is a clergyman he is expected to marry. Mr Collins also wants to marry her for the sake of her family, as Mr Collins is the closest male relative to Mr Bennet being his cousin, which meant that when Mr Bennet died Mr Collins would inherit Longbourne estate and Mrs Bennet and the girls would be kicked out of their own house so by marrying Lizzie they would become a proper family meaning he wouldnt have to kick the rest of the Bennet family out. Mr Collins goes into the kitchen to talk to Lizzie. Lizzie knows Mr Collins will try and propose to her so she tries to get out of being alone with him but Mrs Bennet orders Lizzie to stay and talk to Mr Collins. Mr Collins tries to get Lizzies attention but Lizzie is trying desperately not to acknowledge him. Believe me, my dear Miss Elizabeth, that your modesty so far from doing you any disserve, rather adds to your perfections. Mr Collins takes Lizzies resistance the wrong way as he thinks Lizzie is trying to be modest where as Lizzie is actually trying to get out of this proposal before Mr Collins makes anymore a fool of himself. Even still Mr Collins carries on with the proposal assuming that Lizzie will accept his hand in marriage. Lizzie then says after much need for an answer. You are too hasty- you forget I have made no answer. Lizzie has become very irritated by Mr Collins at this stage, but Mr Collins is still not happy with this answer so he goes to find Mrs Bennet. Mr Collins explains the situation to Mrs Bennet and she is furious with Lizzie for turning down his marriage proposal and tries to reassure Mr Collins that she will change her mind. Lizzie shall be brought to reason. I will speak to her about it myself directly. She is a very headstrong foolish girl and does not know her own interest, but I will make her know it. This quotation shows how infuriated Mrs Bennet is with Lizzie as she turned down such an opportunity. Mrs Bennet is a very shallow woman as she wants her daughters married off as soon as possible because in those days it was thought the sooner all your daughters were married the better they were brought up or the more successful mother you had been. Mrs Bennet speaks to Lizzie about it but she is persistent she doesnt want to marry Mr Collins, as she does not love him, she doesnt have any affection for him. Mrs Bennet talks to Mr Bennet about the proposal to try and get Lizzie to marry Mr Collins but Mr Bennet is also against the wedding. In this proposal money doesnt really play a part as Lizzie and Mr Collins are of about the same wealth. Love plays no role, as neither of them loves another although Mr Collins has great affection for Lizzie. Status plays a minuet role as Mr Collins has contacts, which are high up in society, but this is not enough for Lizzie. The views of others plays the biggest role in this proposal as Mr Collins only looked for a wife in the first place as he was told to be his patron, Lady Catherine De Bourgh. Mrs Bennet also was for the wedding, as she wanted her daughter to be married. The third proposal is Mr Collins to Charlotte. Mr Collins proposes to Charlotte as he wanted a wife and was turned down by Lizzie. He wants a wife because his patron, Lady Catherine De Bourgh requested him to get one, who is not too rich or pretty just a nice friendly woman who she can get along with and invite over for tea or dinner. After the refusal from Lizzie Mr Collins felt awkward staying with the Bennets so when he was invited to stay with Charlotte and her family who was Lizzies best friend he jumped at the chance. Charlotte was very happy about the new arrangements, as she was 27 years old and not married so in those days she was considered as on the shelf which meant this could be her last chance of marriage. Mr Collins proposed to Charlotte at Lucas Lodge, her family home. Charlotte accepted without any hesitation and couldnt wait to make her news known. She went to tell her best friend, Lizzie first but Lizzie didnt approve, as she knew her friend did not love him but Charlotte aired her opinions to her. I am not romantic, you know, I never was I ask only a comfortable home; and considering Mr Collins character, connections and situation in life, I am convinced that my chance of happiness with him is as fair as most people can boast when entering the marriage state. This quotation proves that Charlotte did not marry Mr Collins for love she married him for security. Lizzie is not satisfied with this but congratulates her still. When Mrs Bennet hears the news doesnt believe it as she still thinks Mr Collins still wants to marry Lizzie. God Lord! Sir William, how can you tell such a story? Do you not know that Mr Collins wants to marry Lizzie. Mrs Bennet is very upset that Mr Collins has got engaged to Charlotte rather than Lizzie. In this proposal love doesnt play any role for either of them and status doesnt as they are of about the same class although Mr Collins has higher society connections than Charlotte. Money doesnt influence the marriage, as there are both of about the same wealth where as the influence of others does as he is told be his patrons to find a wife. The next proposal I am going to analyse is Mr Bingley to Jane. Mr Bingley and Jane where a love match from the beginning of the book, when Mr Bingley moved into Netherfields, the neighbouring estate to Longbourne. Their love was blossoming until his best friend Mr Darcy talked Mr Bingley as he felt it was in his best interest. But Mr Bingley and Jane were united again when Mr Darcy saw the error of his ways, thanks to Lizzie Janes sister. The proposal took place in Longbourne estate. Mr Bingley after a few visits since after moving back asks Jane to take his hand in marriage however the actual proposal is not written in the book. Jane is ecstatic about the news and tells Lizzie. I am certainly the most fortunate creature that ever existed! Oh Lizzy, why am I thus singled from my family, and blessed above them all! If I could but see you as happy! This quotation shows how happy Jane is about the marriage but it also shows even though she is so happy she is still sparing thought for her family, as she wants them to be as happy as she is. In this proposal love plays a very big role as that is what drives the relationship forward to marriage, status doesnt play a role although Mr Bingley is of a much higher class than Jane I think their love for each other conquers this. Money doesnt play a role in this, as Jane isnt interested in his money even though he has much more wealth than her. The influence of others does help them as everyone is for the marriage as they can see the true love between them. After Mr Bingley has left Jane speaks to her father about the marriage. Jane I congratulate you. You will be a very happy woman. This quotation proves the support for the wedding from Janes family and it also proves that Mr Bennet has great admiration for Mr Bingley. The next proposal I am going to analyse is Wickham and Lydia. Lydia and Wickham run away together. Wickham is only interested in Lydia because he had been turned down by many woman as they realised he was only after their wealth but with Lydia it is different she doesnt have any money. He run away with Lydia because he wanted someone young he could have a good time with. But when Mr Gardiner, Lydias uncle asked him, to marry her he accepted as Mr Gardiner offered to pay off all his debts if he married her as it would redeem some respect towards them from others as they would be married. Mr Gardiner wrote to Mr Bennet to tell him what had happened, later Mr Bennet talked to Jane about the situation. Yes, yes, they must marry. There is nothing else to be done. But there are two things that I want to know: one, how much money your uncle has laid down to bring it about; and the other, how I am I ever to pay him. This quotation shows that Mr Bennet thinks marriage is the right thing to do but is very concerned about how he shall pay back the money to Mr Gardiner. In this proposal love doesnt play a role for Wickham as he doesnt feel any consideration or affection for Lydia but I think Lydia loves Wickham and is perhaps naive enough to think that he loves her back. Money plays a huge role for Wickham as he is only going to marry Lydia for the money he is going to receive from her uncle, which will pay off all his debts it also means that he will be related to Jane and Lizzie who are married to very wealthy men. Status and the views of others play no role for either of them as they ran away together regardless of what other people thought. The last proposal I am going to look at is the second proposal between Mr Darcy and Lizzie. After the refusal of his last proposal Darcy has done all he can to get back into Lizzies good books. He got Mr Bingley and Jane back together after separating them. Mr Darcy was also really hurt by Lizzies remark to him after she refused his hand in marriage. Had you behaved in a more gentlemen like manner. This hurt Mr Darcy as he felt he was a perfect gentlemen but when he looked back at how he behaved towards Lizzie and her family he realised he had behaved appallingly. However Mr Darcy still felt the same about Lizzie he even felt he loved her more and he now thought that nothing else mattered so he decided he would ask Lizzie for her hand in marriage again. Mr Darcy went to visit Lizzie as his aunt, Lady Catherine De Bourgh had come to see her and warn her off from marrying Mr Darcy although Lizzie didnt intend too as she thought all feelings for her from Mr Darcy were over by then. Lady Catherine De Bourgh tried to stop Lizzie from marrying Mr Darcy. You are determined to ruin him in the opinion of all his friends, and him the contempt of the world. Lizzie was agitated at such a comment as she had no intention in marrying Mr Darcy as she had not spoken to Mr Darcy for months but this made her think about her real feelings for Darcy, she discovered that from hate she had started to like Mr Darcy even love him. Mr Darcy proposed to Lizzie on a lane outside her house. Lizzie accepted his proposal and showed remorse for how she treated him in the past. Mr Darcy was overwhelmed by her answer. The happiness which this reply was such as he had probably never felt before, and he expressed himself on the occasion as sensibly and as warmly as a man violently in love can be supposed to do! This quotation shows how strongly Mr Darcy felt for Lizzie, as he was so happy from her acceptance in his hand of marriage. Lizzie was so excited by the marriage that she went and told her family straight away. She spoke to Mr Bennet and he wasnt so sure if Lizzie loved Mr Darcy as it wasnt so long ago she hated him, he wanted to make sure that Lizzie wasnt marrying him for his or her mothers sake. My child let me not have the grief of seeing you unable to respect your partner in life. You know not what you are about. This quotation is basically Mr Bennet saying to Lizzie that it might be great at the moment but make sure you still will feel the same way in the later future as he is saying that he doesnt want her to end up like him not respecting his partner, Mrs Bennet. This shows how protective Mr Bennet is over Lizzie, as he only wants her to marry if she is sure it is the right thing to do. In this proposal love plays a big role as it alimented all the other aspects as they loved each other so much in the end that it didnt matter how much money they had, what status they were and they definitely didnt care what other people thought about the marriage especially as Mr Darcy was disowned by his aunt Lady Catherine De Bourgh due to his marriage to Lizzie. But Mr Bennet and the family where very pleased for Lizzie as they knew it was for love. Lizzie and Jane had a joint wedding, which made it more special for both of them. In the 19th Century marriage was thought of as a must for women and if you were over the age of 26 years old you were considered as on the shelf, which made it hard for woman to get married over that age. There were also many issues that a woman had to think about before they got married, whether they were in love which wasnt a major issue but it was though of as a bonus if they were. Money and status played a huge role in deciding who to marry, rich men went for women of the same class or a bit higher which made it difficult for woman of a lower class or without much wealth to marry a wealthier or higher classed man. It was thought of as unethical to marry someone beneath you in any state. The influence of others played a big role in those days as people were put under a lot of pressure to get married as soon as possible and to someone higher up the society ladder. As you can see the attitudes to marriage in the 19th Century in which these characters lived in is very different to the attitudes in which we live in today.

Real Estate Investment Trusts :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Real Estate Investment Trusts A real estate investment trust, or REIT, is a company that buys, develops, manages and sells real estate assets. There are three types of REITs; they are equity REITs, mortgage REITs, and hybrid REITs. An equity REIT is a corporation that purchases, owns and manages real estate properties; it does not own or originate real estate loans. It may also develop properties. A mortgage REIT is a corporation that purchases, owns and manages real estate loans; it does not own real estate properties. It may or may not originate commercial and/or residential loans. A hybrid REIT is a corporation that purchases, owns and manages both real estate loans and real estate properties. It has the qualities of both an equity and mortgage REIT which is why it is referred to as a hybrid. One of the most distinguishing characteristics of a REIT is that they are required to distribute at least 95% of taxable income to shareholders. REITs allow participants to invest in a professionally-managed portfoli o of real estate assets. This is important because prior to Congress's creation of REITs only extremely rich individuals were able to benefit from ventures in the real estate market. By pooling assets together in a manner similar to that of a mutual fund, REITs allow the everyday investor the chance to invest in real estate properties. The main benefit of a REIT is that it is exempt from double taxation. The normal corporation is taxed on earnings, and then when dividends are paid, the individual receiving the dividend is taxed. REITs can deduct dividends distributed from taxable income. This results in only one level of taxation. The main disadvantage of a REIT is that since nearly all earnings are distributed as dividends, the trust must find capital to reinvest into the business from other areas. These funds are usually raised by investments in the market, and through the capital gains realized from the sale of the REITs assets. The second method by which REITs procure capital to reinvest into the business raises an accounting issue regarding the classification of assets. Currently, the buildings and property that REITs utilize to raise income are classified as property, plant, and equipment. However, it can be argued that these assets should be classified as inventory. The accounting definition of property, plant, and equipment specifies those properties of a durable nature used in the regular operations of the business.

Education Essay

â€Å"Education isn’t †¦. putting knowledge into souls that lack it, like putting sight into blind eyes†¦. The power to learn is present in everyone’s soul and †¦. the instrument with which each learns is like an eye that cannot be turned around from darkness to light without turning the whole body†¦. Education is the craft concerned with doing this very thing, this turning around, and with how the soul can most easily and effectively be made to do it†¦.. Education takes for granted that sight is there but that it isn’t turned the right way or looking where it ought to look, and it tries to redirect it appropriately. [518c-518d] This passage is from Plato, Republic VII, that talks about the education in particular. Plato emphasizes the description of education mainly of what it is and what it is not. In the first reading of this passage, you might experience getting confuse from the reality of what is education and the side of education not seen by man. At first, the reader might consider the viewpoints in this passage as unified to form a single thought or otherwise, to direct two different emphases in one unified thought. Singular thoughts perceiving contradictions and judgment may also arise. The intrinsic factor revolving in this passage is the value embedded in the word education. During the times of famous philosophers, Socrates and Plato, wisdom is indeed as valuable as gold. The value of human intellect is far more than the value of a castle. That is how they give importance in achieving wisdom. Education is everything for them. There are various points that identify the meaning of Plato’s Education that is being addressed not only to Socrates but also to the reader itself. Analyzing the passage reveals two opposing ideas embedded in this Plato’s perspective. Let us try to examine the passage, piece by piece. â€Å"Education takes for granted that sight is there†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In this part, Plato emphasizes two different terms particularly Education and Sight. Education is an important aspect in our society. According to the book, The Westminster Dictionary of Christian Spirituality, written by Wakefield (1983), the passage in Plato’s The Republic 518d reveals that an object of education is the moral-intellectual â€Å"turning of the soul. † The Christians are using this passage in order to imbue justification in their religious belief of renewed life. As for the Christians, they believe that acceptance of the Lord Jesus Christ can renew your life provided you are willing and humble enough to confess all your sins. This belief requires education for you to be aware of such existence. As the term implies, education can cause â€Å"turning of the soul. † Awareness is the fundamental gift that education brings to a person, hence revealing to the person the things he or she needs to know (p. 96). The term sight refers directly to what can the eyes perceive. It is the sensorial and physical perspective of what education is. As the saying implies, To see is to Believe. † The beginning of wisdom is not by seeing but by believing. The sight can only help you see what is physically present however, it does not reveal to you the principles, fundamentals and concepts that are indeed invisible to our eyes. Not everything is feasible to the eyes. The world may be present just the way it is seen by our naked eyes, however think of those things not yet revealed to us: those things that all the while we thought myths, stories and legends. Are these things false, human imagination, or only made up by the playful minds of our ancestors? Or, truth?  The contradicting concepts of sight and awareness through education collide in the case of material truth versus assuming truth. According to the passage, provides truth based on not only perceivable substances or materials but also those things that are unperceivable by any of our sensations. However, sight provides truth based on the material presence, actual existence and capacity to be perceived by the senses. This, however, is taken for granted by education. It pierces right into those things that are existing and reveals those things that are existing yet, not existing to the eyes. But that it isn’t turned the right way†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The word â€Å"that† pertains to education and not the sight. Education in this viewpoint is being redirected, not by sight nor any other means indicated. There are no mentioned evident factors that facilitate the redirection of education. In fact, this is ironic in the first statement. As analyzed in the first statement, education brings forth awareness however; in the next parts, it becomes redirected. If this is the case, then confusion is now present. If logic is applied then this means education is bringing in a redirected awareness. This condition manifests in some points of our lives. We thought that awareness brought by education is already the true and final awareness; however, in the end, we end up realizing that beliefs of ours are misconceptions. These are wrong beliefs that all the while we thought the right thing to follow. We move in this passage of redirected awareness. The next passage follows up, â€Å"Or looking where it ought to look †¦Ã¢â‚¬  In this phrase, the situation of education becomes quite changing. Education is likened to a person who can look back to the place that the person should be. In this case, awareness occurs in awareness as education realizes its direction. Education produces realization and this realization helps awareness to be redirected† is a complete statement of Irony if logic is applied. There are evident situation in which this case manifests in our lives. These conditions are those things that we do yet, we realize that we are not supposed to do this. However, out of pressing circumstances, we are forced to do such action, and the only thing that we can do is to look back and think about the things that we are suppose to do. Education’s awareness does not always fulfill its purpose of deviating our way. It helps us realize because we are aware but realizing is different from redirecting. In this phase, what we know is right. It is not anymore misconception because we know and we have justified its truth. The only problem is we do not put into action those things that we know. Lastly, â€Å"and it tries to redirect it appropriately†¦Ã¢â‚¬  It is the start of redirection. In this phase, truth, realization and decision making finally occurs. Education decides to bring about the reality of what is really happening and negating the influence of wrong directions. In the latter phases, first, truth is not present and other factors as well. Second, truth is already present as well as realization however, redirection is not yet beginning. In this phase, it is the start of new life. Education really means â€Å"turning of the soul. † The process that involves is very delicate and evident as well. The conditions in this phase occur in our lives. There are cases wherein we realize the truth of the situation, and then proceeds in the identification of those influencing factors that provided the wrong truth. After finding them, we analyze and provide solutions to correct this misconception source. The product of this correction, however, does not produce perfection of actions. Misconception is corrected by the reality of truth. However, truth varies from people to people’s perception and opinion. This condition might place a person into bondage of so-called truth. Again, we can consider this as misconception, however another case occurs wherein we become aware of the truth yet we cannot escape the misconceptions entangling our mobility. If we identify these entangling factors and decide in ourselves to be free from these entrapments, then we are indeed moving, redirecting and becoming appropriate. Education in the passe shows a man’s cycle of being trapped from wrong truth and turning out from this trap. This condition brings the ideal and right truths however, in the end it is still human beings. We hold our own lives. We hold our decisions. We hold our future. Awareness is their waiting to be heard and waiting to be perceived. Therefore, suffering from misconception is not always an excuse as well us ignorance, hence the saying â€Å"ignorance does not excuse any person from the law† is indeed true. It is our part to do the â€Å"turning of soul. † Education is not everything. By having the right education and our actions joint together is considered the fulfillment of everything we ought to do. Plato is in the end is right about his passage.

Journey Into The Unknown English Literature Essay

It was about 15 old ages ago in 1995 when I foremost discovered that my married woman was holding serious issues with memory. We had gone to see friends in North Carolina when I realized that Betty had forgotten to pack a batch of the points we needed – toothpaste, towels, lens solution, formal wear for the party we would be go toing. I thought nil of it then- she likely left the bag at place incorporating all those points. A few hebdomads subsequently when we had returned back place I caught her inquiring me the same inquiry twice- Did we pay the electric measure? I answered her twice with some vacillation. Two months subsequently in June, her friends and household threw her a surprise 58th birthday party at our place. She looked truly surprised when I led her into the house full of thirstily expecting invitees. She had smiled up at me and had proceeded to recognize everyone coming up to her. The party was in full swing when I had passed by the kitchen for more beers when I caught her inquiring my female parent whose bar was sitting on her dining room tabular array. My female parent believing it was a gag laughed. Not three proceedingss later she came up to me and asked the same inquiry. That scared me to the bone because she was dead serious. Subsequently that dark as were turning in for bed she commented that she had non realized her birthday had arrived- it had merely slipped her head. I was still staggering from the incident earlier and began to acquire more frightened. Was she merely so busy at work and with the combination of aging that led her to bury that her birthday was today? These inquiries unsettled me and that dark was when I foremost started holding serious ideas about taking her to a physician. Betty worked as a secretary replying calls and scheduling clients for a local watering place salon. She had worked there for some 20 old ages while I worked in the building concern. I knew her to be a really organized person who was ever on top of things. She was frequently the 1 who would retrieve to name the aunts and uncles and cousins when their day of remembrances or birthdays had arrived. She had grown up as the younger of two kids in Edison, New Jersey. I had known her since I was in junior high and we began dating in high school, frequently hanging out with friends at the local Burger topographic point in near our school. She had finished high school when we had decided to acquire married and get down our life together. I did n't cognize that my universe Lashkar-e-Taiba alone my married woman ‘s would shortly be turned upside down. Betty was known to maintain this small contriver with her that contained all the of import day of the months and events. Had she merely bury to pencil in her birthday in her calendar? Does one even necessitate to make that for their ain birthday? I tired to disregard these ideas but slumber was non easy to come by that dark. We decided to travel to the physician ‘s for our everyday visit the following month. Once I was at that place I had told the physician outside the room that Betty seemed to be holding trouble retrieving things. He said he wold expression into it. By the terminal of the visit 20 proceedingss subsequently, it was decided that Betty was likely covering with depression. This came as a flooring diagnosing to the both of us. Nevertheless, I convinced her to get down the medicine recommended to her by the physician. For months she was on an anti-depressant and she did non detect a alteration. I nevertheless, noticed drastic changes- but non for the better. Betty had received a call from work one eventide. Unbeknownst to me, Betty had failed to schedule in clients into the work calendar for a few months to the point where clients would demo up for their assignment they made over the phone merely to be told that there was no record of it. Betty must hold spoken to the adult females over the phone and confirmed unfastened times but failed to come in them into the system. It happened plenty times to justify her losing her occupation. She seemed baffled and denied anything of the kind. However much I wanted to believe her I began holding uncertainties about her abilities or deficiency thereof. I reexperienced the same sinking feeling I felt the twelvemonth earlier at the surprise birthday party. Is she losing it? I decided to name our boy that dark and inquire him to see us sometime and that I had something I wanted to discourse with him. He and his household came to see two months subsequently. I relayed everything traveling on with his female parent to him and he sat there and listened to it all. He did non experience that his female parent was depressed. He thought it was old age but encouraged me to take her to another physician, possibly a brain doctor. He did detect a alteration in her over the past twelvemonth and had besides caught her inquiring him the same inquiry multiple times during his visit, twosome of times even burying her one twelvemonth old grandson ‘s name. I was convinced and took her to see a brain doctor. It was at this visit with him, that I eventually received some replies that made sense. After some trials, he had given Betty a diagnosing of early-onset Alzheimer ‘s. I was both in denial and relieved at the same clip. What he described to me made sense and I could see it in the daily activities that Betty went through. But I could non penetrate why it had to be her and why now at this clip. She was quickly started on medicine. With her d iagnosing came my transmutation from a comrade to a full clip health professional where it became my bend to take attention of her. The physical and emotional toll of being a full-time health professional was overpowering. I was inundated with the day-to-day jobs of cookery, cleansing, shopping for the food markets, paying the measures, and making the laundry- all the things that Betty one time was in charge of and did with such evident easiness. Over clip I realized the importance and critical function in my saneness of making out and inquiring others for aid. Friends and household became line of lifes when I needed to take a interruption from caregiving. They would watch her and maintain her company while I would take a dark off to pass clip with friends and unwind. The physician every bit good has been a enormous support and proctors her on a regular basis. The most of import lesson John has realized is that taking attention of a loved 1 with Alzheimer ‘s does non necessitate to be a lone and only journey. Although Betty continues to smile, it is non the same smiling they used to portion when they were younger. Although she engages in conversation with him, it is non the same as before. While he may hold lost some of Betty he one time knew, he has discovered some new qualities in his married woman throughout this journey that still motivate him to care for her merely the same. And for him it is so a journey into the unknown with his married woman by his side and support of household and friends.

37990) of May 2009 The WritePass Journal

The Intel infringement case (Comp/c-3/37990) of May 2009 Introduction The Intel infringement case (Comp/c-3/37990) of May 2009 IntroductionReferencesRelated Introduction Within the context of this given case, we aim to examine the background of the Intel infringement case reference Comp/c-3/37990 Intel of 13 May 2009, Intel are held responsible for infringing Article 83 of the EC Treaty where it has been found guilty of abusing its dominant market position on the x86 central processing unit (CPU) market by awarding rebates. We shall consider the basis on which the Decision Commission has made this decision to fine Intel and what evidence contributes towards this investigation. In addition to this, we will also be examining whether the decision taken was justified and if it had any kind of positive outcome on the consumers. If we consider the guidanc on the Commission enforcement priorities in implementing Article 82 on the EC Treaty to abusive exlusionary conduct by dominant undertaking. According to the Article 82 of Treaty that clearly outlines the EC Article 82 forbids any kind of abuse of a dominant position in the market. This goes hand in hand with the case-law where it is considered illegal for an undertaking to be in a dominant position and that such a dominant position is entitled to compete purely on basis of their hard work and merits. However, it should be noted that the undertaking concerned as a special responsibility forbidding its behaviour to diminish authentic deformed competition on the common market. It should be noted that Article 82 is considered as the legal fundamental for a critical element of competition policy and its effective enforcement that helps market operate more efficiently and effectively for the advantage of businesses and its consumers. It (Article 82) outlines the enforcement priorities that will guide the Commissions action in implementing Article 82 to exclusionary conduct by dominant undertakings. In addition to that, it attempts to offer a greater deal of accuracy and speculation in relation to the general framework of evaluation that the Commission recruits in determining whether it should pursue cases that relate to the various kinds of exclusionary conduct and to help undertakings better assess whether specific behaviour is likely to result in intervention by the Commission under Article 82. According to the application of Article 82 to exclusionary conduct by dominant undertakings, the Commission will emphasise on the kinds of behaviour that are most hazardous to consumers. It can be noted that even though it is the customer who is most likely to take advantage from the stiff competition, as it results in lower prices, good quality and a diverse choice of new enhanced services and goods. It is the duty of the Commission to instruct the enforcement to make sure the market operates in the precise manner, also making sure consumers take advantage from the efficiency and productivity that results from effective competition between under-takings. If consumers are excessively charged a high price or influencing their behaviour that under-estimates the efforts to accomplish a combined internal market that is considered to be liable of infringing Article 82. In regards to implementing the general enforcement fundamentals and rules set out in the Commission, it will take into account the specific facts and circumstances for every individual case. [Ref 1] Let us consider the background of the Intel case, Intel has a reputation for specialising in manufacturing microprocessors (CPUs) and chipsets for user personal computers. This is registered proprietor of well known brand names, such as: Pentium and Celeron. The Intel case is a perfect example of how cruelly and sensibly a corporation can take an advantage of its leading dominant position in the market. This case clearly outlines the inherent differences between the monopoly compared by intellectual property rights and the Treaty competition rules that forbids any form of abuse of dominant position. Intel has cleverly registered numerous thousands patents to safeguard its creative inventions and it is impossible in a pragmatic sense for its rivals to know in advance whether or not their products may read on Intels patents. Interestingly, Intel was found guilty of infringing its dominant position in relation to VIA, which is considered as one of Intels direct rivals in both the chipsets and CPU markets. As VIA was in need of the various components due to the interoperability, also due to the critical requirement for compatibility with Microsoft operations software. In order to make this operate, VIA required a licence from Intel that would allow them to use its patents in the design and manufacture of its chipsets which would let them communicate with Intels microprocessors. In addition to this, VIA also was in need of a licence in relation to its supply of CPUs so that they are completely Windows compaitable. It should be noted from the year 1998 to the year 2000, both the parties had a reciprocal chipset licencing agreement. By December 2000, Intel launched its latest Pentium 4 processor in the market, simultaneously that VIA would require a licence. A new licence was therefore by Intel on non-reciprocal conditions. Furthermore, such a proposed agreement envisaged an asymmetrical licenced that would entitle Intel to unlimited use of all the VIA patents and technology but VIA would only be able to acquire a licence to use Intels technology to manufacture and sell only specific chipsets. In addition to this, it even proposed a market division which would limit the VIA licence to the manufacture of chipsets for use with Pentium 4 processors, however it could not be used in conjunction with any enhanced versions of that same processor. According to VIA, Intel was infringin (September 2001) Article 82 of the EC Treaty and Chapter II of the Competition Act 1998 and it is not entitled to relief in circumstances where this would compel VIA to enter into a licence agreement consisting of illegal terms and conditions. In regards to the CPU Action, VIA outlined the two key competition law defences,   these consist of Intels refusal to licence its Pentium 4 technology which is considered as a violation and abuse of its dominant position in the CPU market. Secondly, Intels refusal to licence its prospective rights was abusive primarily because these rights related to technology that was the industry standard and which was significant in order for its rivals to have access to the CPU market. The refusal would eliminate competition from VIA and protect VIA from marketing valuable new products ( the essential facilities defence). It cannot be denied that the case is indeed very complex in its structure and nature , it consisted of a thorough and comprehensive investigation that was taken by the Commission. Whether Intel was accountable for abusing its dominance in the market by imposing a licencing policy for exploiting and enforcing its large portfolio of patent rights is evident from the various names that were included in this long list of names who complained of Intels abuse of power. It can be observed that within the Intel case, there are obvious signs of conditional rebates where they were bestowed to consumers, rewarding them for a specific kind of purchasing behaviour. Furthermore, such rebates within a dominant undertaking can have an actual or prospective pledge effects that are similar to exclusive purchasing contract. Intel was adamant to refuse granting of a licence on any kind of reasonable conditions, this clearly demonstrates its abuse of its dominantnposition in the CPU and chipset markets. Due to the patents being the industry standard it was impossible for chipset manufacturers to enter the market unless they were able to make use of Intels gateway technology. Interestingly when multi-product rebates take place, it is purely considered as anti-competitive, this is what exactly Intel did, it tried to do so on a tying market if it is a huge market that equally efficiently provides some of the key components however they cannot compete against the discounted bundle. Why is the CPU so much of an importance in the Intel case? This is primarly because the CPU is considered as an essential component of a computer, in regards to the actual performance and cost of the system. Furthermore, the manufacturing process of the CPU requires high technology and expensive facilities. The CPU is segmented into two sub-categories: CPUs of the x86 architecture and CPUs of a non-x86 architecture. The x86 architecture is a standard designed by Intel for its CPU. It can operate on both operating systems (Windows and Linux). According to the Commissions comprehensive investigation in the x86 CPUs, the relevant product market was not under the market of x86 CPUs. It can be noted that the 10 year period that has been considered and included by the Decision Commission   (1997-2007), Intel was seen to be continuously in a leading position, in terms of its market shares which were excessive by 70%. In addition to this, there were important obstacles to entry and development present in the x86 CPU market. Intel is a powerful and reputable brand, it saw a rise in its brand reputation due to product differentiation that contributed as an obstacle or hindrence to entry. The recognised high level of obstacles to entry and development are constant with the observed market structure, where all the leading rivals to Intel, apart from AMD left the market or they lacked some kind of importance. Furthermore, it can be observed that from October 2002 to December 2007,   according to the Decision, Intels market shares and obstacles to entry and development, Intel held a dominant position in the market. In terms of the condition rebates offered by Intel, it awarded major OEMs rebates that were conditioned on these OEM purchasing all or most of their supply requirements; this entails numerous brand who were offered these rebates. Dell was offered rebates for three years   December 2002- December 2005) that conditioned Dells purchasing exclusively Intel CPUs. With regards to the payments and rebates Intel offerd a major OEMs and MSH which are seen with context of the growing fierce compeition threat that AMD portrayed. With this regard, the Decisions demonstrated that OEMs, IT managers and Intel considered that AMD products had numerous positive innovative factors and they were considered a viable option to those of Intel. In essence, it can be agreed that the conditions of the case-law for detecting prospective abuse were evidently found, the Decision also conducted an economic analysis of the capability of the rebates to foreclose a rival that would be efficient as Intel, albeit not dominant. According to the found evidece collated by the Commission, it led to the conclusion that Intels conditional rebates and payment induced sincerity of key OEMs and of a major retailer, the effects of which were complementary in that they most importantly diminished rivals ability to compete on the merits of their x86 CPUs. Furthermore it can be added that Intels anti-competition conduct thereby resulted in a decrease of consumer choice and in lower incentives to innovate. Intel believed it did not wrong, it clearly defended the rebates and it stated in the two different kinds of arguments, that it wanted to introduce a rebate that would allow them to respond to price competition from its rivals and therefore it met stiff competition. Secondly, by using the rebate, it adopted a vis-a-vis every individual OEM was considered as significant, in order to accomplish significant efficiencies that were pertinent to the CPU industry. Intel carried on debating there were four different kinds of efficiencies that were accomplished by any exclusivity requirements of its rebates and production efficiencies and risk sharing and marketing efficiencies. According to the findings by the Commission, Intels debates relating to goal justification are flawed as they relate more generally to behaviour to which the Commission did not report (i.e.discounting of rebates) and not to conduct to which the Commission did object ( conditions relationg to rebates) and non of the efficiency defences offered an appropriate justification/ valid explanation for the behaviour questioned. It can be concluded that as a whole that the conditional rebats granted by Intel to Dell, HP, MSH and NEC collectively point at the abuse of a dominant position under Article 82 of the Treaty and Article 54 of the agreement. In addition to this, the individual abuses are also considered as part of a single strategy focused at foreclosing AMD.   Therefore the individual abuses form a part of a single infringement of Article 82 of the EC Treaty. In addition the Decision states that Intel practices were implemented collectively at two tiers of the distribution chain or cycle that can be viewed in the context of the rapidly growing competitive threat that are portrayed by AMD. Intel wanted to destroy the ability of AMD to compete at the same scale which would then result in making AMD weaker and be unable to match the same merits and standards as that of Intel, therefore, deliberately preventing them from selecting non-Intel based compueters on the merits. (i.e. quality and price of CPUs). The Decision determines that Intel has certainly infringed Article 82 of the Treaty and Article 54 of the EEA Agreement by getting involved in a single and consistent infringement of Article 82 of the Treaty and Article 54 of the EEA Agreement from October 2002- December 2002 by imposing a strategy targeted at foreclosing its rivals from the x86 CPU market. Intel was issued with a legal notice refraining it from any act or engaging in any activity that has the same or similar effect of this kind. It can   be concluded that the decision taken by the Decision Commission is certainly justified and even though consumers may have benefited from the decision, it was much more important for Intel to realise its mistake in abusing its dominant position in the market. References Communication from the Commission - Guidance on the Commissions enforcement priorities in applying Article 82 of the EC Treaty to abusive exclusionary conduct by dominant undertakings (Text with EEA relevance. Retrieved 8th April, 2011. From:http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52009XC0224(01):EN:NOT Howard, A (2003). Intel v VIA. Retrieved 9th April, 2011. From:monckton.com/docs/library/Intel%20v%20VIA%20Casenote.pdf Summary of Commission Decision of 13 May 2009 relating to a proceeding under Article 82 of the EC Treaty and Article 54 of the EEA Agreement (Case COMP/C-3/37990 – Intel). Retrieved 9th April, 2011. From:http://ec.europa.eu/competition/sectors/ICT/intel_summary_decision_en.pdf

Billie Holiday Quotes

Billie Holiday Quotes Billie Holiday, a popular and tragic figure in jazz, was a gifted singer with an amazing voice and talent whose personal life was chaotic and troubled. Selected Billie Holiday Quotations I never hurt nobody but myself and thats nobodys business but my own. Im always making a comeback but nobody ever tells me where Ive been. Youve got to have something to eat and a little love in your life before you can hold still for any damn bodys sermon on how to behave. Somebody once said we never know what is enough until we know whats more than enough. If I dont have friends, then I aint got nothin. Dont threaten me with love, baby. Lets just go walking in the rain. Love is like a faucet, it turns off and on. You can be up to your boobies in white satin, with gardenias in your hair and no sugar cane for miles, but you can still be working on a plantation. Sometimes its worse to win a fight than to lose. Singing songs like The Man I Love or Porgy is no more work than sitting down and eating Chinese roast duck, and I love roast duck. People dont understand the kind of fight it takes to record what you want to record the way you want to record it. I hate straight singing. I have to change a tune to my own way of doing it. Thats all I know. If Im going to sing like someone else, then I dont need to sing at all. You cant copy anybody and end with anything. If you copy, it means youre working without any real feeling. No two people on earth are alike, and its got to be that way in music or it isnt music. No two people on earth are alike, and its got to be that way in music or it isnt music. I never had a chance to play with dolls like other kids. I started working when I was six years old. In this country, dont forget, a habit is no damn private hell. Theres no solitary confinement outside of jail. A habit is hell for those you love. And in this country its the worst kind of hell for those who love you. All dope can do for you is kill you... the long hard way. And it can kill the people you love right along with you. About These Quotes Quote collection assembled by Jone Johnson Lewis. Each quotation page in this collection and the entire collection  © Jone Johnson Lewis. This is an informal collection assembled over many years. I regret that I am not be able to provide the original source if it is not listed with the quote.

Marketing research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Marketing research - Essay Example e noted that BMW operate in a highly competitive environment made of various players, but it mainly concentrates in the high-end and luxury automobile market. Its most fierce competitor in the European market is Mercedes-Benz brand, which also specialise in high-end and luxury automobile products. Equally, the customer base of BMW mainly consists of the high-income earners. The above image illustrates the buyer decision process that BMW customers undergo. In the first phase of the process, the buyers acknowledge they need a car. Secondly, the sought for information on cars that are available within their price range. Thirdly, the buyers evaluate the different brands of cars that he or she can afford. Fourthly, after choosing the best alternative the buyer, makes the purchase and in the last phase of the process, the buyer evaluates if his option was correct or wrong and whether he needs to make changes on the car or buy another one. According to the studies conducted by Ansoff (1957), an organisation such as BMW has four viable options as presented in the image below, these options include penetrating deep into the market, product or market diversification, development of the new product and development of new markets. In regards to the Ansoff’s matrix, it is recommended that BMW should diversify its range of products to include low budget vehicles that are of high quality. By pursuing this strategy, BMW will be exploiting a new market segment, which will enable it to increase its market share as well as sales, and thereby, wade off competition from the likes of Mercedes-Benz. Currently, it can be noted that the key market segment for BMW brands is the high-end and luxury market, which only comprise of wealthy individuals or high-income earners. However, from the strategic option chosen above, BMW will now also target low-income earners because they are in need of quality vehicles and the only option they currently have is second-hand vehicles and low quality